Comparison Apple Mac Studio 2025 M4 Max MU963 vs Apple Mac mini 2024 M4 Pro MCX44

The main manufacturers of processors today are Intel and AMD. In 2020, Apple introduced its CPU series M1 (with further development in the form of M1 Max and M1 Ultra), and a couple of years later, it launched the second series (M2, M2 Pro, M2 Max, M2 Ultra), the third (M3, M3 Ultra), and the fourth (M4, M4 Pro, M4 Max). Intel's current series includes Atom, Celeron, Pentium, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Core i9, Core Ultra 9, and Xeon. For AMD, this list includes: AMD Athlon, AMD FX, Ryzen 3, Ryzen 5, Ryzen 7, Ryzen 9..., and Ryzen Threadripper.

In general, each series includes processors of different generations, similar in overall level and positioning. Here is a more detailed description of each of the variants mentioned above:

— Atom. Processors originally designed for mobile devices. They are compact, highly energy-efficient, and low in heat output, but do not "shine" with performance. They are well-suited for microcomputers (see "Type"), and are extremely rare in more "large-format" systems—mainly in the most modest configurations.

— Celeron. Budget-level processors, the simplest and cheapest consumer desktop chips from Intel, with corresponding characteristics.

— Pentium. A family of budget desktop processors from Intel, somewhat more advanced than Celeron, but inferior to models from the Core i* series.

— Core i3. The simplest and cheapest series among Intel's Core desktop chips, includes budget and low-end mid-range chips, which, nevertheless, surpass Celerons and Pentiums in terms of specifications.

— Core i5. A mid-range family among Intel Core processors; indeed, these chips are considered mid-level by desktop standards.

— Core i7. A series of high-performance processors that were long the top of the Core chips; it wasn't until 2017 that they ceded this position to the i9 family. However, having an i7 processor still means a rather powerful and advanced configuration; in particular, such CPUs are found in premium all-in-one computers and are quite popular in gaming systems.

— Core i9. The top series among Intel's general-purpose desktop chips, the most powerful in the Core lineup. In particular, even the most modest models have at least 6 cores. These chips are mainly used in gaming PCs.

— Xeon. High-end Intel processors that go beyond standard desktop chip capabilities. They are designed for specialized applications, appearing primarily in powerful workstations.

— AMD FX. A family of processors from AMD, positioned as high-performance yet affordable solutions — including for gaming systems. Interestingly, some models come with liquid cooling in the purchase package.

— Ryzen 3. AMD Ryzen chips (of all series) are promoted as high-class solutions for gamers, developers, graphic designers, and video editors. AMD was the first to use the Zen microarchitecture with simultaneous multithreading, significantly increasing the number of operations per clock at the same clock frequency. Ryzen 3 is the most affordable and modestly featured family among the Ryzens. These processors are manufactured using the same technology as the upper series, but Ryzen 3 has half of its compute cores deactivated. Nevertheless, this line includes fairly productive models designed for gaming configurations and workstations.

— Ryzen 5. A mid-level family among Ryzen processors. The second series on this architecture, released in April 2017 as a more affordable alternative to Ryzen 7 chips. Ryzen 5 chips have slightly less impressive working characteristics (in particular, lower clock frequencies and, for some models, less L3 cache). Otherwise, they are completely similar to the "sevens" and also qualify as high-performance chips for gaming and workstations.

— Ryzen 7. Historically the first series of AMD processors on the Zen microarchitecture (see "Ryzen 3" above for details). One of the senior families among the Ryzens, outperforming only the Threadripper line; many PCs based on these chips are gaming-oriented.

— Ryzen 9. AMD Ryzen 9 processors debuted on the Zen microarchitecture in 2019. This series became the top of all Ryzens, pushing Ryzen 7 from the pinnacle of honor. The first models of Ryzen 9 had 12 cores and 24 threads, with later ones increasing to 16 and 32 respectively. The processors in this line are traditionally used for professional tasks (design, video editing, 3D rendering), gaming, streaming, and other high-load applications.

— Ryzen Threadripper. High-end specialized processors designed for maximum performance. Installed mainly in gaming systems and workstations.

— Apple M1. A series of processors from Apple introduced in November 2020. They fall under mobile solutions (see "Type" above) and follow the system-on-chip scheme: a single module combines the CPU, graphics adapter, RAM (in the first models — 8 or 16 GB), a solid-state NVMe drive, and some other components (specifically, Thunderbolt 4 controllers). Among PCs, these chips are primarily used in compact net-tops. As for specifications, the initial M1 configurations are equipped with 8 cores — 4 performance and 4 energy-efficient; the latter, according to the creators, consume 10 times less energy than the former. Combined with a 5 nm process technology, this has achieved very high energy efficiency and performance at the same time.

— Apple M1 Max. An uncompromisingly powerful SoC aimed at ensuring maximum labor productivity for Apple's desktop computers when performing complex tasks. The Apple M1 Max lineup was introduced in the fall of 2021, debuting on Mac Studio computers. The Apple M1 Max consists of 10 cores: 8 performance and 2 energy-efficient. The maximum volume of built-in unified memory reaches 64 GB, with a bandwidth cap of 400 GB/s. The graphical performance of the Max-version of the single-chip system M1 is roughly twice that of the Apple M1 Pro. The chip contains over 57 billion transistors. Its design also incorporates an additional accelerator for the professional ProRes video codec, allowing multiple high-quality ProRes video streams in 4K and 8K resolutions to be easily reproduced.

— Apple M1 Ultra. Formally, the M1 Ultra chip consists of two Apple M1 Max processors on a single UltraFusion substrate, enabling data transfer speeds of up to 2.5 Tbps. In "dry" numerical terms, this bundle comprises 20 compute ARM cores (16 high-performance and 4 energy-efficient), a 64-core graphics subsystem, and a 32-core neural computing block. The system on a chip supports up to 128 GB of unified memory. The processor housing accommodates around 114 billion transistors. The main purpose of the Apple M1 Ultra is confident work with complex resource-intensive applications such as 8K video editing or 3D rendering. In practice< the processor can be found onboard Mac Studio desktop computers.

— Apple M2 / M2 Pro. The second edition of the M-series processors from Apple, released in early summer 2022. M2 chips are produced using an updated 5 nm process and house a quarter more transistors than the Apple M1 processor generation. Architecturally, their CPU block consists of four high-performance and four energy-efficient cores. The graphics accelerator has a 10-core structure. The Apple M2 uses a neural engine and also adds a powerful ProRes video engine for hardware acceleration of video encoding and decoding up to 8K resolution. External 6K display support is claimed for the M2 generation.

The M2 Pro SoC aims to scale the M2 architecture. It contains approximately 40 billion transistors and is built with 5-nanometer technology. The system features a 10- or 12-core central processor, up to 19 graphics cores, 16 or 32 GB of unified memory used as both operational and video memory. The graphics performance of the M2 Pro provides high-speed image processing and video rendering. These processors can be found in Apple Mac mini computers.

— Apple M2 Max / Ultra. High-performance SoCs for dealing with resource-intensive tasks, debuting in early summer 2023. The M2 Max chip systems have up to 12 central processor cores (8 performance and 4 energy-efficient compute cores), come with 30 graphics cores, and support up to 96 GB of unified memory with a bandwidth of up to 400 Gbps. They also include a fast 16-core neural engine, powerful multimedia engine, two video encoding modules, and two ProRes modules. The processor is manufactured using a 5-nanometer process and houses about 67 billion transistors. Desktop computers with Mac Studio on this SoC effortlessly handle resource-intensive projects that competing systems cannot even start. This is arguably one of the most powerful platforms for professional PCs focused on video rendering, animate graphic processing, and similar tasks.

In turn, M2 Ultra consists formally of two Apple M2 Max chips on the UltraFusion substrate. The "Ultra" has 16 performance and 8 efficient compute cores, 60 or 76 GPU cores, 32 NPU cores. The chip series is built on the second-generation 5-nanometer architecture and contains over 134 billion transistors. As for the allowable amount of unified memory — it reaches 192 GB with a bandwidth of 800 GB/s. The Mac Studio desktop computer on the M2 Ultra chip is twice as powerful as the M2 Max version, which is also by no means weak, being one of the most powerful solutions for PCs. The "Ultra" is designed for confident work with the most resource-intensive applications, ultra-high definition video processing up to 8K, heavy 3D rendering of animated graphics, and so on.

— Apple M3 / M3 Pro. The world's first computer processors made with TSMC's 3 nm process technology. The Apple M3 series debuted in the fall of 2023. The base M3 chip contains 25 billion transistors. The chip includes an eight-core central processor with four high-performance and four energy-efficient cores, as well as a new Dynamic Caching graphics architecture that allocates memory in real-time. Along with this, the Apple M3 graphics processor features hardware-accelerated ray tracing and mesh shaders — all of which improve the geometry rendering in games and applications, allowing for faster drawing of more complex scenes. The processor supports up to 24 GB of unified memory and one external display (in addition to the one built into the iMac). Altogether, these innovations make the M3 family about 10 – 20% faster than M2, and 45 – 65% more productive than the M1 generation.

In the Pro version, the system has a 12-core central processor with an equal number of performance and energy-efficient cores (6 each). It also employs an 18-core CPU with hardware-accelerated ray tracing and a new Dynamic Caching graphics architecture. Apple M3 Pro contains about 37 billion transistors, with configurations available with up to 36 GB of unified memory.

— Apple M4 / M4 Pro. M4 — the base processor from the SoC line from Apple, released in the spring of 2024. Belongs to mobile solutions, applied in flagship tablets, laptops, mini-PCs, and all-in-ones from Apple. The M4 processor is manufactured using TSMC's second-generation 3-nanometer technology, contains up to 10 CPU compute cores (4 performance + 6 energy-efficient) and up to 10 GPU cores with ray tracing support. Unified memory can be from 16 to 32 GB, with a bandwidth of 120 GB/s. Unified memory serves as operational and video memory. The processor also includes a 16-core neural engine with performance up to 38 TOPS (trillion operations per second). In addition to the aforementioned improvements, energy efficiency has been significantly increased in the Apple M4 (about 50% compared to the M2 chip).

Compared to the base M4 processor, the Pro modification stands out for twice the performance of the built-in graphics and high-speed RAM. The SoC foundation is based on the improved 3-nanometer TSMC process — N3E. The processor contains up to 14 CPU cores (10 high-performance and 4 energy-efficient in the maximum configuration), up to 20 GPU cores with ray tracing support, has a Neural Engine block to accelerate artificial intelligence operations, and implements support for Apple Intelligence AI functions. Moreover, the system supports up to 64 GB of high-speed unified memory with a bandwidth of 273 GB/s (can be used as operational and video memory). Additionally, Thunderbolt v5 interface support is noted with data exchange speeds of up to 120 Gbps. Apple M4 Pro processors provide excellent graphics processing and video rendering performance, increasingly found in Mac mini net-tops and MacBook Pro laptops.

In addition to the series described above, such processors can also be found in modern PCs:

— AMD Fusion A4. The entire Fusion processor family was originally created as devices with integrated graphics, combining a central processor and a video card in one chip; such chips are called APU — Accelerated Processing Unit. Series with the "A" index are equipped with the most powerful embedded graphics within the family, capable in some cases of competing on equal footing with low-cost discrete graphics cards. The higher the digit in the series index, the more advanced it is; A4 is the most modest series among Fusion A.

— AMD Fusion A6. A series of processors from the Fusion A line, relatively modest, but somewhat more advanced than the A4. For general features of all Fusion A, see "AMD Fusion A4" above.

— AMD Fusion A8. A fairly advanced series of Fusion A processors, a mid-range option between the comparatively modest A4 and A6 and the high-class A10 and A12. For general features of all Fusion A, see "AMD Fusion A4" above.

— AMD Fusion A9. Another advanced series from the Fusion A family, inferior only to the A10 and A12 series. For general features of all Fusion A, see "AMD Fusion A4" above.

— AMD Fusion A10. One of the top series in the Fusion A lineup. For general features of this line, see "AMD Fusion A4" above.

— AMD Fusion A12. The top series in the APU Fusion A lineup, introduced in 2015; positioned as professional-level processors with enhanced (even by APU standards) graphics capabilities. For general features of the Fusion A line, see "AMD Fusion A4" above.

— AMD E-Series. This series of processors is related to APU, like the Fusion A described above, but fundamentally differs in specialization: the main application field of the E-Series is compact devices, mainly net-tops in PCs (see "Type"). Accordingly, these processors are characterized by compactness, low heat generation, and power consumption, but their computing power is also low.

— Athlon X4. A series of budget consumer-level processors, initially released in 2015 as relatively inexpensive yet comparatively productive solutions for the FM+ socket.

— AMD G. A family of ultra-compact and energy-efficient processors from AMD, made under the "system on crystal" (SoC) principle. Unlike many similar chips, it uses the x86 architecture, not ARM. It is positioned as a solution for devices with a focus on graphics, particularly gaming. However, we are not talking about gaming PCs; like most processors of similar "weight categories," the AMD G mainly appears in thin clients (see "Type").

— VIA. Processors from the company of the same name, mainly related to energy-efficient "mobile" solutions—in particular, many VIA models are directly compared to Intel's Atom. However, despite the modest performance, such CPUs are even found among desktop systems; in the future, the company plans to create full-fledged desktop chips to compete with AMD and Intel.

— ARM Cortex-A. A group of processors from ARM, the creator of the architecture of the same name and the largest manufacturer of chips based on it. The distinguishing feature of this microarchitecture compared to the classic x86 is the so-called reduced instruction set (RISC): the processor works with a simplified instruction set. This slightly limits functionality but allows the production of more compact, "cool" yet still high-performance chips. For several reasons, the ARM architecture is mainly used in "mobile" processors designed for smartphones, tablets, etc. This is also true for the ARM Cortex-A series; such CPUs are rarely installed in PCs and are usually part of a compact, modest device like a "thin client" (see "Type").

— nVidia Tegra. Originally, these processors were created for portable devices but have recently started being installed in PCs, primarily all-in-ones. They are "system-on-chip" devices, using the "mobile" ARM architecture rather than the "desktop" x86, requiring appropriate operating systems; Android is most often used (see "Pre-installed OS").

— Armada. Another type of processor on the ARM architecture, positioned as high-performance solutions for "cloud" computing and home servers, including NAS. It is found in single models of "thin clients" (see "Type").

— Tera. A specialized family of processors designed specifically for "thin clients" (see "Type") and fundamentally different from classical CPUs (both full-sized and compact). Systems based on Tera usually represent complete "zero clients," absolutely incapable of autonomous operation. In other words, they are devices intended for creating a "virtual desktop": the user operates with the terminal interface and equipment (monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.), but all operations occur on the server. This ensures increased security when working with confidential data. However, in more traditional PCs, Tera processors are practically never used.

Of the obsolete series of processors still in use (but not sold), one can mention Sempron, Phenom II, and Athlon II from AMD, as well as Core 2 Quad and Core 2 Duo from Intel.

It should be noted that configurations without a processor can be found on sale — expecting the user to select one independently; however, this is a rather rare option.

The number of cores in a complete PC processor.

The core is a part of the processor designed to process one stream of commands (and sometimes more, for such cases, see "Number of threads"). Accordingly, the presence of several cores allows the processor to work simultaneously with several such threads, which has a positive effect on performance. However note that a larger number of cores does not always mean higher computing power — a lot depends on how the interaction between command streams is organized, what special technologies are implemented in the processor, etc. So, only chips of the same purpose (desktop, mobile) and similar series (see "Processor") can be compared by the number of cores.

In general, single-core processors are practically not found in modern PCs. Mainly desktop chips of the initial and middle level are made dual-core. Four cores are found both in desktop CPUs of the middle and advanced class, and in mobile solutions. And six-core and eight-core processors are typical for high-performance desktop processors used in workstations and gaming systems.

The amount of random access memory (RAM, or RAM) that came with your computer.

The overall performance of the PC directly depends on this parameter: ceteris paribus, more RAM speeds up work, allows you to cope with more resource-intensive tasks, and facilitates the simultaneous execution of numerous processes. As for specific numbers, the minimum volume required for the stable operation of a general-purpose PC nowadays is 4 GB. Smaller amounts are enough for microcomputers and thin clients, and at least 8 GB is installed in gaming systems, on the contrary. 16 GB and even more so 32 GB are already very solid volumes, and in the most powerful and performant systems there are values \u200b\u200bof 64 GB and even more. Also on the market you can find configurations without RAM at all — for such a device, the user can choose the amount of memory at his discretion; for a number of reasons, this configuration is especially popular in nettops.

Note that many modern PCs allow for an increase in the amount of RAM, so it does not always make sense to purchase an expensive device with a large amount of "RAM" — sometimes it is more reasonable to start with a simpler model and expand it if necessary. The possibility of upgrading in such cases should be clarified separately.

The main manufacturers of video cards nowadays are AMD, NVIDIA and Intel, and each has its own specifics. NVIDIA produces primarily discrete solutions; Among the most common are the GeForce MX1xx, GeForce MX3xx, GeForce GTX 10xx series (in particular GTX 1050, GTX 1050 Ti and GTX 1060), GeForce GTX 16xx, GeForce RTX 20xx, GeForce RTX 30xx( GeForce RTX 3060, GeForce RTX 3060 Ti, GeForce RTX 3070, GeForce RTX 3070 Ti, GeForce RTX 3080, GeForce RTX 3080 Ti, GeForce RTX 3090, GeForce RTX 3090 Ti), GeForce RTX 4060 , GeForce RTX 4060 Ti, GeForce RTX 4070, GeForce RTX 4070 SUPER, GeForce RTX 4070 Ti, GeForce RTX 4070 Ti SUPER, Ge Force RTX 4080..., GeForce RTX 4080 SUPER, GeForce RTX 4090, GeForce RTX 5050, GeForce RTX 5060, GeForce RTX 5060 Ti, GeForce RTX 5070, GeForce RTX 5070 Ti, GeForce RTX 5080, GeForce RTX 5090. AMD offers both discrete and integrated graphics - including the popular Radeon RX 6000, Radeon RX 7000, Radeon RX 9000. And Intel deals exclusively with modules integrated into processors of its own production - these can be HD Graphics, UHD Graphics and Iris.

Note that many configurations with discrete graphics also have an integrated graphics module; in such cases, the name of the discrete video card is indicated as more advanced.

In most desktop PCs, this assortment is determined both by connectors on the "motherboard" and on a discrete graphics card, among which VGA, DVI, HDMI output(there are models where HDMI 2 pcs), HDMI input, DisplayPort, miniDisplayPort. More details about them.

— VGA. He's D-Sub. Analogue video output with maximum resolution up to 1280x1024 and no audio support. It is rarely installed in modern devices, but it can be useful for connecting certain models of projectors and TVs, as well as outdated video equipment.

— DVI. Modern PCs can be equipped with both pure digital DVI-D and hybrid DVI-I; the latter also allows analogue connection, including work with VGA-devices through an adapter, and in analogue format has a resolution of 1280x1024. In digital DVI, this parameter can reach 1920x1200 in single-link mode (single link) and 2560x1600 in dual-link mode. The presence of a dual-channel mode must be specified separately.

— HDMI output. Digital output originally designed for HD content — high-definition video and multi-channel audio. The HDMI interface is almost mandatory for modern HD multimedia technology, and it is also extremely popular in computer monitors — so the presence of such an output on a PC provides ve...ry extensive features for connecting external screens and even high-end audio devices. Some devices may even have 2 HDMI outputs.

— HDMI input. Your PC has at least one HDMI input. See above for details on the interface itself; here we note that it is the inputs of this format that are found mainly in monoblocks (see "Type"). At a minimum, this allows you to use the monoblock's own display as a screen for another device (for example, as an external monitor for a laptop). However, there are other, more specific options for using the HDMI input — for example, recording an incoming video signal, or transferring (switching) it to one of the PC video outputs.
Both the HDMI inputs and outputs in modern PCs may correspond to different versions:

• v 1.4. The earliest standard widely used today. Supports resolutions up to 4096x2160 and frame rates up to 120 fps (however, only at a resolution of 1920x1080 or lower), and can also be used to transmit 3D video. In addition to the original version 1.4, you can find improved v 1.4a and v 1.4b — in both cases, the improvements affected mainly the work with 3D.
• v2.0. The standard, also known as HDMI UHD, was the first to introduce full support for UltraHD 4K, with frame rates up to 60 fps, as well as compatibility with a 21:9 aspect ratio. In addition, the number of simultaneously transmitted channels and audio streams has increased to 32 and 4, respectively. It is also worth noting that initially version 2.0 did not provide support for HDR, but it appeared in update v 2.0a; if this feature is important to you, it's ok to clarify which version 2.0 is provided in the PC, the original or the updated one.
• v2.0b. The second update of the above v 2.0. The main update was the expansion of HDR capabilities, in particular, support for two new formats.
• v2.1. It is also HDMI Ultra High Speed: the bandwidth has been increased to such an extent that it became possible to transfer 10K video at 120 fps (not to mention more modest resolutions) as well as work with extended colour schemes up to 16 bits. The latter may come in handy for some professional tasks. However, note that all the features of HDMI v 2.1 are available only when using cables designed for this standard.

— Display port. A digital media interface similar in many respects to HDMI, but mainly used in computer technology — in particular, it is widely used in Apple computers and monitors. One of the interesting features of this standard is the ability to work in the daisy chain format — connecting several screens to one port in series, transmitting its own signal to each of them (although this function is not technically available with all screens for this interface). DisplayPort is also on the market in several versions, the current ones are as follows:

• v 1.2. The earliest widely used version (2010). However, already in this version, 3D compatibility and the daisy chain mode appeared. The maximum fully supported resolution when connecting a single monitor is 5K (30 fps), transmission up to 8K is possible with certain restrictions; a frame rate of 60 Hz is supported up to a resolution of 3840x2160, and 120 Hz — up to 2560x1600. And when using daisy chain, you can connect up to 2 2560x1600 screens at 60 frames per second or up to 4 1920x1200 screens at the same time. In addition to the original version 1.2, there is an improved v 1.2a, the main innovation of which is support for AMD FreeSync, a technology for synchronizing the monitor's frame rate with the signal from an AMD graphics card.
• v 1.3. An update introduced in 2014. The increased bandwidth made it possible to provide full, without restrictions, support for 8K at 30 fps, as well as transmit 4K images at 120 fps, sufficient for 3D work. Resolutions in daisy chain mode have also increased — up to 4K (3840x2160) at 60 fps for two screens and 2560x1600 at the same frame rate for four. Of the specific innovations, it is worth mentioning the Dual Mode mode, which allows you to connect HDMI and DVI devices to such a connector through the simplest passive adapters.
• v 1.4. The newest version widely used in modern PCs. Formally, the maximum connection speed has not increased compared to the previous version, but thanks to signal optimization, it became possible to work with 4K and 5K resolutions at 240 fps and with 8K at 120 fps. However for this, the connected screen must support DSC encoding technology — otherwise, the available resolutions will not differ from version 1.3. In addition, v 1.4 added support for a number of special features, including HDR10, and the maximum number of simultaneously transmitted audio channels increased to 32.

— miniDisplayPort. A smaller version of the DisplayPort connector described above, may also correspond to different versions (see above). Note that the same hardware connector is used in the Thunderbolt interface versions 1 and 2, and the graphic part of this interface is based on DisplayPort. Therefore, even some Thunderbolt monitors can be directly connected to miniDisplayPort (although it is desirable to clarify this possibility separately).

— COM port (RS-232). Serial port, originally used to connect dial-up modems and some peripherals, in particular, mice. However, today this interface is used as a service interface in various devices — TVs, projectors, network equipment (routers and switches), etc. Connecting to a PC via RS-232 allows you to control the operation parameters of an external device from a computer.

The number of full-size USB-A 5Gbps ports (previously labeled as USB 3.2 gen1 and USB 3.0) provided on the rear panel of the PC.

USB is the most popular modern interface for peripheral connection. Thus, the number of ports equals the number of devices that can be connected to the rear panel simultaneously without using splitters. Regarding the USB-A 5Gbps version, it has a connection speed of about 4.8 Gbps. In certain configurations, the number of such ports can reach 4 or even more.

It is also worth noting that ports of this type can be located on the front side of the case as well. However, for peripherals that need to be constantly connected to the computer, it is more convenient to use the rear panel, while front placement is better suited for frequent connections/disconnections.

USB4 is implemented on a USB-C port, but it has a more advanced implementation with expanded usage scenarios and increased bandwidth of 40 Gbps. Its main advantage, besides speed, is the ability to simultaneously transmit different types of traffic, including data and video, making such a port more suitable for universal peripheral connectivity. For example, through a single USB4 port, a PC can work much more confidently with an external SSD, monitor, and hub.

The version and number of Thunderbolt ports provided in the PC design (usually on the rear panel).

Originally, Thunderbolt is a universal interface primarily used in Apple technology. It can be used as a general peripheral connector (similar to USB) and as a video output; video is output in the DisplayPort standard, allowing you to connect monitors with the appropriate inputs (sometimes directly, sometimes through simple adapters). Different versions of Thunderbolt mainly differ in their maximum connection speed and connector type. The outdated Thunderbolt v1 and Thunderbolt v2 use the miniDisplayPort socket, providing up to 10 and up to 20 Gbps, respectively. Meanwhile, Thunderbolt v3, Thunderbolt v4, Thunderbolt v5 support speeds up to 40 Gbps, working via USB C; often, such a connector in a PC is made hybrid and can function both as USB and Thunderbolt, depending on the connected peripherals.

— Thunderbolt 3. Version introduced in 2015. In this generation, developers abandoned the DisplayPort connector in favor of the more versatile USB C. In light of this, Thunderbolt v3 connectivity is often implemented not as a separate port but as a special mode of the standard USB C port (see "Alternate Mode"). Outputs and devices under USB4 (see above) can initially be made compatible with this interface (though it is not...strictly necessary). Also not mandatory but quite common is the support for Power Delivery, which allows up to 100W power supply to connected devices via the same cable. Data transfer speed can reach 40 Gbps, but it should be noted that with cable lengths over 0.5 m, a special active cable may be required to maintain this speed. However, regular passive USB C cables are also suitable for work with Thunderbolt v3 — although the speed may be noticeably lower than the maximum possible (still higher than 20 Gbps, at which USB 3.2 gen2 operates).

— Thunderbolt v4. The latest version of this interface (as of mid-2022), introduced in the summer of the same year. Also uses the USB C connector. Formally, the maximum throughput remains the same as its predecessor — 40 Gbps; however, thanks to several improvements, the actual connectivity capabilities have significantly expanded. For example, Thunderbolt v4 allows for simultaneous signal transmission to two 4K monitors (at least) and provides data transfer rates under the PCI-E standard no less than 32 Gbps (versus 16 Gbps in the previous version). Moreover, this interface is inherently compatible with USB4, and the daisy chain function is supplemented with the ability to connect hubs with up to 4 Thunderbolt v4 ports. Other features include protection against DMA (direct memory access) attacks.

— Thunderbolt v5. In the fifth edition of the Thunderbolt interface, it continues to rely on the USB C connector. In the default configuration, it provides bidirectional bandwidth of up to 80 Gbps, while Bandwidth Boost technology allows for speed increases up to 120 Gbps. Thunderbolt v5 supports connecting several 8K monitors, three 4K monitors at a 144Hz refresh rate, or one external display with a remarkable 540Hz refresh rate. Furthermore, support for PCIe Gen 4 ensures sufficient bandwidth for external graphics cards (up to 64 Gbps), opening new possibilities for AI and machine learning applications. The Thunderbolt v5 interface provides power delivery of up to 240W using USB Power Delivery 3.1 technology.

The maximum number of monitors that can be connected to PC at the same time and shared.

Simultaneous connection of several screens allows you to expand the visual space available to the user. For example, it can be useful for designers and layout designers when working with large-format materials, for programmers to separate tasks (one monitor for writing code, the second for searching for the necessary information and other auxiliary purposes), and for gamers-enthusiasts — to ensure the maximum immersion effect.