Comparison UNI-T UT33A+ vs UNI-T UT33D+

The parameters that the device can measure.

— Tension. Voltage (potential difference between two points in a circuit), measured in volts. One of the basic electrical parameters, supported by all types of devices, except for oscilloscopes (see "Device"). Parallel connection is used for measurement. In analogue instruments (see "Type") voltage measurement can be carried out without power.

— Current. The strength of the current flowing through a certain section of the circuit; measured in amperes. There are two ways to measure current strength: traditional and non-contact. The first one is available in almost all devices with the ammeter function, for this it is necessary to open the circuit and connect the device to the gap in series (moreover, with the analogue principle of operation, the ammeter does not require power). The second method is used in current clamps (see "Device"). In most cases, the models are able to measure direct and alternating current.

— Impedance. Impedance of a certain element to direct electric current; measured in ohms. Note that in this case we are talking about traditional measurements that are not associated with ultra-high resistances characteristic of insulation (in insulation, this parameter is checked using a separate method, see more about it below...). Impedance measurements are carried out as follows: a certain voltage (low, within a few volts) is applied to the probes of the device, after which they are applied to the place of measurement — and the impedance of the tested section of the circuit or other object is calculated from the strength of the current flowing through the formed circuit. Thus, to operate in ohmmeter mode, a power source is required — even for an analogue instrument.

— Capacity. The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farads (usually microfarads and other derived units). The measurement itself is carried out by supplying an alternating current to the capacitor. This function can be useful both for clarifying the capacitance of unmarked capacitors (initially unmarked or with erased inscriptions), and for checking the quality of signed parts. On capacitors, in addition to the nominal capacity, the maximum deviation from the nominal value may be indicated; if the measurement results are outside the tolerance limits, then it is better not to use the part. If the deviation is not indicated, then it can be assumed that it should be less than 10% of the nominal value. For example, for a 0.5 uF part, the range of allowable capacitances will be 0.45 – 0.55 uF.

— Temperature. Temperature measurement — usually, using an external remote sensor, usually on a probe. In electrical engineering, this function is used to control the operation of parts that are sensitive to overheating or that must operate in a certain temperature regime.

— Frequency. The ability to measure the frequency of an electrical signal is primarily characteristic of oscilloscopes and scopometers, but it can also be found in other types of devices — the same multimeters (see "Device"). This, usually, implies the ability to display specific numbers corresponding to the frequency in hertz.

— Duty cycle. Duty cycle is one of the basic characteristics of a uniform pulse signal, namely the ratio of its repetition period to the duration of a single pulse. For example, if each 2 ms pulse is followed by a 6 ms pause, then the signal repetition period will be T = 6 + 2 = 8 ms, and the duty cycle will be S = 8/2 = 4. Do not confuse the duty cycle with the duty cycle: although these characteristics describe the same property of the signal, they do it in different ways. The duty cycle is the reciprocal of the duty cycle, the ratio of the pulse length to the repetition period (in our example, it will be equal to 2/8 = 25%). This term is found mainly in English and translated sources, while in east european electrical engineering the term "duty cycle" is adopted.

— Inductance. Inductance is the main operating parameter of any inductor. The ability to measure this parameter is important in light of the fact that specialists and radio amateurs often make coils on their own, and it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine the characteristics of a part without a special device. The principle of measuring inductance is similar to determining the capacitance of a capacitor (see above) — passing an alternating current through the coil and tracking its "response". However, this function is much less common than capacitance measurement.

— Insulation impedance. Insulation impedance of electrical wires to alternating current. Insulation, by definition, has an extremely high impedance, so the traditional way of measuring impedance (at low operating voltage, see above) is not applicable here — the currents would be too weak and it would be impossible to measure them accurately. Therefore, to check insulating materials and other dielectrics, not ohmmeters are used, but special devices — megaohmmeters (or multimeters that support this mode). A distinctive feature of the megohmmeter is a high operating voltage — hundreds or even thousands of volts. For example, to test insulation with an operating voltage of 500 V, the same megger voltage is required, for a 3000 V material, a 1000 V device, etc., the requirements for different types of insulation are described in more detail in special sources. To achieve this voltage, an external high-voltage module may be required, however, many multimeters that support this type of measurement are also capable of independently generating short-term high-voltage pulses from low-voltage power supplies such as AA batteries or PP3 (see "Battery type"). Note that when working with a megohmmeter, you must carefully follow the safety rules — due to the high operating voltage.

— Power. The power of the electric current is determined by two basic parameters — current strength and voltage; roughly speaking, volts must be multiplied by amps, the result obtained will be the power in watts. Thus, theoretically, this parameter can be determined without a special function for measuring power — it is enough to determine the voltage and current strength. However, some measuring instruments have a special mode that allows you to immediately measure both basic parameters and automatically calculate the power based on them — this is more convenient and faster than doing calculations separately. Many of these devices belong to current clamps (see "Device") and the measurement of the current strength when determining the power is carried out in a non-contact way, and the voltage is measured by the classic contact method. There are other design options — for example, an adapter for a socket: an electrical appliance is connected to a socket through such an adapter, and a multimeter takes current and voltage data from the adapter. We also recall that the active (useful) power of the alternating current is not always equal to the full one — with a capacitive and/or inductive load, part of the power (reactive power) is “consumed” by capacitors / coils. You can read more about these parameters in special sources, but here we note that different models of multimeters may have different capabilities for measuring different types of power; These points do not hurt to clarify before buying in advance.

— Phase angle. Measurement of the degree of shift of two electrical signals (or signal parameters) in phase. Specific types and features of such measurements are different, the most popular are two options. The first is to measure the difference between the phases of a three-phase power supply, primarily to assess its overall quality. The second is an assessment of the phase shift between current and voltage that occurs with a reactive (capacitive or inductive) load on an alternating current source; the ratio between active and apparent power (power factor, "cosine phi") directly depends on such a shift.

— Rotation frequency. In this case, most often we are talking about the possibility of measuring the speed of the internal combustion engine. Accordingly, such models usually refer to specialized automotive multimeters. They are designed mainly for diagnostics and testing of engines that do not have electronic ignition systems. To measure, usually, you need to set the multimeter to the number of engine cylinders and connect it to the ignition system (the specific connection method must be specified in the documentation for the car).

Note that this list does not list all, but only the most popular measurements found in modern multimeters and other devices of a similar purpose. In addition to them, the design may provide more specific features — see "Other Dimensions" for more details.

The type of current the device is designed to measure. In this case, not all measurement modes are implied, but only the determination of the current strength, that is, operation in the ammeter mode.

— Constant. A current that has a strictly defined polarity and constantly flows in one direction, from minus to plus. Such a current is found mainly in electronic circuits behind power supplies, in compact electronics powered by batteries, as well as in car on-board networks. However, during electrical work in domestic and industrial AC networks, it is relatively rare to measure the current strength; therefore, among such devices, there are often models that are compatible with "variable" networks in terms of voltage (see below), but not compatible in terms of current. In general, there are fewer DC-only devices on the market than combined ones (see below).

— Variable. A current that changes direction several dozen times per second (for example, in 230 V household networks, the standard frequency is 50 or 60 Hz, depending on the region). Such a current is a standard for domestic and industrial networks: it is convenient in that it does not require polarity when connecting end consumers, and it also provides some features that are not available for direct current (in particular, transformers can only be used with such a power supply). However, relatively few devices are produced strictly for alternating current, combined options are more common (see below).
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— Constant / variable. This category includes models that can measure both direct and alternating current. The features of both options are described above, and their support in one device makes it universal and allows it to be used in any type of networks and circuits — the main thing is that the current limits are observed (see below).

The upper limit of the lower sub-range in which the device can measure AC voltage (see "Type of voltage").

The operating ranges of modern multimeters and other measuring instruments are usually divided into subranges. This is done for accuracy and convenience in measurements: for example, to test a transformer that should output 6 V, it makes sense to set a subrange with an upper threshold of 10 V. This will ensure accuracy up to tenths of a volt, unattainable when measuring with a higher threshold. The minimum constant voltage describes exactly the lower subrange, designed to measure the smallest voltage values: for example, if 2000 mV is indicated in this paragraph, this means that the lower subrange covers values \u200b\u200bup to 2000 mV (i.e. up to 2 V).

If the device is purchased for measurements in stationary networks — household at 230 V or industrial at 400 V — you can ignore this parameter: usually, the minimum subranges are not used. But to work with power supplies, step-down transformers and various “thin” electronics served by low voltage alternating current, it makes sense to choose a model with a lower minimum voltage. This is connected not only with the measurement range: a low threshold, usually, indicates a good measurement accuracy at low voltages in general.

The upper limit of the lower sub-range in which the device can measure direct current (see "Type of current").

The operating ranges of modern multimeters and other measuring instruments are usually divided into subranges. This is done for accuracy and convenience in measurements: the lower the subrange, the smaller values it covers, the higher the measurement accuracy at low current values. The minimum direct current describes exactly the lower range, designed for the weakest current values: for example, if the characteristics in this paragraph indicate 500 μA, this means that the lower subrange allows you to measure currents from 0 to 500 μA.

It is worth choosing according to this indicator taking into account the specifics of the planned application: for example, a device with low rates can be useful for delicate work, such as repairing computers or mobile phones, but for servicing the on-board electrical network of cars, especially old ones, especially high current sensitivity is not required.

The upper limit of the lower sub-range in which the device can measure alternating current (see "Type of current").

The operating ranges of modern multimeters and other measuring instruments are usually divided into subranges. This is done for accuracy and convenience in measurements: the lower the subrange, the smaller values it covers, the higher the measurement accuracy at low current values. The minimum alternating current describes exactly the lower range, designed for the weakest current values: for example, if the characteristics in this paragraph indicate 500 μA, this means that the lower subrange allows you to measure currents from 0 to 500 μA.

It is worth choosing according to this indicator taking into account the specifics of the planned application: for example, a device with low rates can be useful for delicate work, such as repairing computers or mobile phones, but especially high current sensitivity is not required for servicing household electrical networks.

The largest alternating current (see "Type of current") that can be measured with this device. In no case should this parameter be exceeded — otherwise various troubles are possible, from the operation of the device's emergency protection (with further replacement of fuses) to fire.

When choosing for this parameter, it is worth remembering that even at relatively low voltages, the currents can be quite high if the power supply provides adequate power. For safe use, it is desirable to have a certain margin for maximum current. Also, do not forget that before measurements you need to set the appropriate settings.

- Checking the transistor. The ability to use the device to test transistors, more precisely, the presence of an appropriate mode in the design of the device. Technically, the performance of a transistor can be checked to a certain extent with an ordinary ohmmeter, for this there is an appropriate technique. Nevertheless, it is much easier to use a special mode - just connect the transistor to the multimeter in an appropriate way, and the device will automatically give data on the health or malfunction of the part (and sometimes additional characteristics for it). Most often, for such measurements, there is a special block on the case with a set of sockets for transistor outputs (with separate sets of sockets for pnp and npn types).

- Checking the diode. The presence of a special diode test mode in the design of the multimeter. The principle of a diode is to allow electric power to flow in only one direction; therefore, the serviceability of such a part itself can be determined without a special mode, for example, in the mode of a conventional ohmmeter, “continuity” of the circuit (see below), or in some other ways. However, special mode is often more convenient - both due to the simplicity of the procedure itself, and due to the fact that many devices in this mode are also able to measure the forward voltage drop across the diode (the lowest voltage required to pass power in the forward direction...).

— "Continuity" of the chain. Possibility of operation of the device in the "continuity" mode of the circuit - checking the presence of contact between two selected points. This mode differs from the usual check with an ohmmeter in that the presence of a contact is accompanied by an audible signal (hence the name). Such a signal saves the user from having to look at the scale of the device every time to clarify the presence or absence of contact, and this greatly speeds up the work and can be very useful if you need to “ring out” many sections at once.

- Meander generator. Ability to operate the device in the meander generation mode - a signal with a rectangular pulse shape and a duty cycle (see above) at level 2. The graph of such a signal looks like a set of rectangular peaks and dips of the same length. Meander is a regular signal format for modern digital technology; a signal of this type, generated by a multimeter, is used to test microcircuits, logic elements, amplifiers and other similar elements and circuits (for performance, signal flow, etc.).

— Non-contact detection (NCV). Ability to detect live parts without direct contact with them. This method of detection is as safe as possible, besides, it allows you to find elements hidden from the eye: for example, using a device with this function, you can detect wiring in walls and determine places where you can drill without fear of damaging the wire.

— True RMS. Ability to measure with the True RMS device - the true RMS value of the strength of the alternating power (see "Type of power"). The strength of the alternating power is determined not by the actual value (it will be different at each moment of time), and not by the maximum amplitude (after all, the maximum values also occur only at certain points in time), but by the root mean square. At the same time, in devices that do not support True RMS, this value is displayed as follows: the alternating power is rectified, its value is determined and multiplied by a factor of 1.1 (this is due to the mathematical features of the measurements). However, this method is only suitable for an ideal sinusoid; with a distorted signal, it gives a noticeable, and often even unacceptably high error. Distortions are found in almost any AC network, which can lead to serious measurement errors and subsequent problems (for example, to the selection of too “weak” automatic fuse). True RMS technology takes into account all these features: devices bearing this marking are able to accurately measure AC RMS power, regardless of how its shape corresponds to a perfect sine wave.

- Auto-selection of the measuring range. A function that allows the device to automatically select the optimal measurement range - so that the result is displayed on the screen as accurately as possible. This function is found only in digital instruments (see "Type"). Note that when using it, the user will still have to set certain basic settings - for example, “direct power, power, milliamps” or “alternating power, voltage, volts”. However, the device will perform a more precise setting itself: for example, to measure voltage in hundreds of volts, the range 0 - 1000 V can be used with an accuracy of 5 V, and when a 1.5 V battery is connected, the device will automatically switch to the range 0 - 12 V and display the result is already accurate to tenths of a volt. At the same time, the design may also provide for a completely manual measurement mode, with a range selection at the request of the user, however, the presence of such a mode will not hurt to clarify separately.

- Auto power off. The function of automatically switching off the Meter after a period of inactivity helps to conserve the charge of the used batteries.