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The main interface used to connect a sound card to a computer or other device.

Like the sound cards themselves, the interfaces used in them are divided into internal (PCI, PCIe) and external (USB-A, USB-C, FireWire, Thunderbolt, 3.5 mm mini-jack, Bluetooth). Here's a more detailed description of each of these options:

— PCIe. The main modern interface for connecting internal peripherals (including sound cards) to computer motherboards. It is used in most internal type models (see above). The main advantage of PCIe solutions is that connectors for their connection can be found on almost any modern "motherboard". True, these connectors may be needed for other components — graphics cards, TV tuners, or even SSD drives; however, even the simplest motherboards usually have several PCIe slots, so this point cannot be considered a serious disadvantage.

— PCI. An interface for connecting expansion cards to the PC motherboard. It is the predecessor of PCIe, has significantly lower bandwidth and more modest capabilities, so overall it is outdated. Nevertheless, motherboards with such connectors, and sound cards for the PCI interface (including quite advanced ones), continue to be produced. This is because working with sound requires comparatively low bandwidth; and installing a so...und card in a PCI slot leaves PCIe connectors free, which may be required for components more demanding on connection speed. In any case, before purchasing such a sound card, it does not hurt to separately ensure that there is a connector for its connection on the "motherboard".

— USB-A. Connection through a standard USB port. Until recently, it was the most popular interface for external peripherals, found in almost all PCs and laptops. Most external sound cards were made for USB. The disadvantage of this connection method is that USB connectors may be needed for other devices, which creates problems with a small number of ports and an abundance of peripherals. On the other hand, such situations arise not so often, and to solve them, it is enough to have a USB hub on hand.

It should be noted separately that full-size USB ports in modern PCs and laptops have been replaced by more compact USB-C (see below).

— USB-C. A peripheral connector with a symmetrical contact group, which often replaces full-size USB ports on modern PCs and laptops. Many new models of external sound cards are made for this interface. The only exceptions are individual Thunderbolt devices (see below) — for them, Thunderbolt is indicated as the peripheral connection port, not USB-C.

— Thunderbolt. A universal peripheral port mainly used in Apple computers and laptops. It is important to consider that different generations of Thunderbolt differ in the type of physical connector: versions v1 and v2 use the miniDisplayPort socket, version v3 uses the USB-C socket. So when choosing a sound card with such a connection, it is necessary to clarify this point. On the other hand, Thunderbolt versions with different connectors are fully compatible with each other through corresponding adapters.

— FireWire. Also known as IEEE 1394. An interface for external devices that was somewhat popular some time ago but has now almost fallen out of use.

— 3.5 mm (mini-jack). The mini-jack is one of the most common audio connectors. However, it is usually provided as one of the audio inputs (see below) and is very rarely used as the main interface for connecting a sound card to an external device. Such a connection is mainly found in specialized gaming models, intended for use with consoles as well. In these models, the mini-jack may be combined, allowing for the connection of both a line (analog) signal via a regular electrical wire and an optical (digital) signal via a TOSLINK cable. It is worth noting that the optical interface is notable for being completely immune to external interference; it allows for transmitting multi-channel sound, but cables for such connections require careful handling.

— Bluetooth. Wireless connection following the Bluetooth standard. It is mainly found in models intended for use with smartphones and tablets — these gadgets have few wired connectors, but Bluetooth modules are almost guaranteed to be present. However, initial sound transmission is highly compressed, noticeably affecting its quality; to remedy this drawback, modern Bluetooth sound cards usually support aptX. Of course, this technology must be supported by the signal source as well — make sure of this before purchasing.

Brand of the audio chip installed in the sound card.

The audio chip is one of the most important parts of a sound card, a kind of "heart" of the whole circuit, and it is on its characteristics that the sound quality and other capabilities of a particular model largely depend. Knowing the brand of the chip, you can easily find various information on it — official specifications, test results, reviews, etc. — and based on this, draw a conclusion to what extent this sound card is able to meet your requirements. Of course, for ordinary video cards (see "View") there is no need to delve into such details, but when choosing a gaming or audiophile model, they can be very useful.

Sound card compatible with ASIO standard.

ASIO (an abbreviation for Audio Stream Input/Output, i.e. “audio stream input-output”) is a technology designed for professional work with sound in the Windows environment; in particular, it reduces latency and improves the accuracy of the audio stream. If you do not plan to seriously engage in recording, mixing tracks, etc., most likely you will not need this function, but for musicians, sound engineers and other similar professionals, it can be very useful. The ASIO standard provides both software and hardware requirements; therefore, to fully use it, you must have a compatible audio card.

The highest sampling rate provided by the digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) of the audio card. For more details on the role of the DAC, see paragraph "Bit depth" above. Here we note that the quality of its work directly depends on the sampling frequency: the higher it is, the less distortion occurs when converting sound.

Usually in sound cards there are standard values for the maximum sampling rate:

44.1 kHz — corresponds to the sound quality of Audio CD;
48 kHz — DVD;
96 kHz — DVD-Audio 5.1;
192 kHz — DVD-Audio 2.0 (two-channel audio has a higher sampling rate than multi-channel audio for a number of reasons), the highest value in modern consumer-grade sound cards.

Another specific point is that the quality of sound played on a computer cannot be higher than the capabilities of a sound card. In other words, if an audio file is recorded at a higher sampling rate than the audio card can provide, its sound quality will be reduced: for example, on a 44.1 kHz card, even DVD-Audio sound will sound like an Audio CD. Therefore, if you want to fully enjoy high-quality sound, you should choose a model with a high sampling rate.

This parameter determines the ratio of the "clean" sound produced by the DAC at the output to all extraneous noise. As such, it is a pretty strong indicator of sound purity. According to the signal-to-noise ratio, DACs in modern sound cards can be divided as follows:

up to 90 dB — initial level;
90-100 dB — average level, advanced "home" models;
more than 100 dB — professional level.

The highest sampling rate that the analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) of a sound card can provide when digitizing sound. Without going into details, we can say that the role of this parameter is almost completely similar to the bit depth described in the paragraph above. And its standard values, found in modern audio cards, correspond to the following sound quality indicators:

44.1 kHz — Audio CD;
48 kHz — DVD
96 kHz — DVD-Audio 5.1
192 kHz — DVD-Audio 2.0 (two-channel audio has a higher sampling rate than multi-channel audio for a number of reasons), the highest value in modern consumer-grade sound cards.

The signal-to-noise ratio provided by the analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) of the sound card in the processed signal. For more information about this ratio, see the paragraph of the same name above. Here we note that in domestic use it does not play a decisive role, but if you plan to record sound in good quality, you should choose a card with a high value of this indicator.

— Headphone Amplifier. The presence of a separate headphone amplifier in the design of the sound card. Such equipment allows at least to improve the overall sound of the “ears”, as well as to implement various additional settings for such sound (for example, a separate volume control). And some headphones — primarily high-impedance Hi-Fi models — in principle cannot be used without special amplifiers.

— External control module. The presence of an external control module in the design of the sound card. Such a module is actually a control panel with a wired connection; it doesn't give you the freedom of movement that a wireless remote control does (see below), but it's cheaper and often more convenient. So, the control module does not have to be in direct line of sight with respect to the audio card, and the length of the wire is often enough to place the device at the user's hand. However the set of adjustments placed on the external unit is usually limited to the most basic settings; however, even this, usually, is quite enough for comfortable use. In addition, the control unit often provides additional connectors for connecting headphones and a microphone. Among other things, this feature is especially convenient in games — it allows you to adjust the sound without distracting from the game itself. However, other types of sound cards can also be equipped with external modules (see "View").
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— Remote control. A remote control is included with the sound card. Do not confuse this function with the external control module described above: in this case, we mean a classic wireless IR remote control, like those used in TVs. Such a device does not necessarily cover all the capabilities of the audio adapter, however, the range of functions of the remote control can be quite extensive. On the other hand, the need to control a sound card from a distance is extremely rare, and in most cases, the mentioned external module is enough for this. So models with a remote control are not widely used.

— Exit to the front panel. Ability to connect an internal sound card (see "Type") to the connectors on the front panel of the PC. To do this, a special connector (or several connectors) is provided on the board, which is connected to the corresponding connector (s) using a wire. The convenience of this feature is obvious: in desktop computers, the front panel is located closest to the user, and it is to it that it is easiest to connect peripherals that involve frequent plugging and unplugging, such as headphones and microphones. Actually, connectors for such devices are most often displayed on the front panel.