Full load operating time
UPS continuous operation time from a fully charged battery when connected to a load with a power equal to the UPS output power (maximum or effective, depending on the type of load, see the relevant paragraphs for details). For a UPS designed to work with a home or office PC, a time of about 10-15 minutes is considered sufficient, this is enough to save data and complete work. To power servers, it is worth using devices with an operating time
of 20 minutes or more.
Half load operating time
UPS continuous operation time from a fully charged battery when connected to a load with a power equal to half the output power of the UPS (maximum or effective, depending on the type of load, see below for details). The operating time with such a load is much longer than for a full load, and even in the simplest models it can reach 20-30 minutes.
Switching to battery
The time required to transfer the load from mains power to battery power. In standby and
interactive UPSs (see Type), a short-term power failure occurs at this moment — accordingly, the shorter the time to switch to the battery, the more uniform the power supply is provided by the source during a power failure. Ideally, the switching time for the traditional 50 Hz AC frequency should be less than 5 ms (a quarter of one cycle of the sine wave). With inverter UPSs, the transfer time is, by definition, zero.
Input voltage range
In this case, the input voltage range is implied, in which the UPS is able to supply a stable voltage to the load only due to its own regulators, without switching to the battery. For redundant UPSs (see "Type") this range is quite small, approximately 190 to 260 V; for interactive and especially inverter ones, it is much wider. Some UPS models allow you to manually set the input voltage range.
Input frequency
The operating frequency of the alternating current supplied to the input of the UPS — or more precisely, the frequency range of this current in which the device can supply the required power to the load due to its own regulators, without using a battery. When this range is exceeded, the UPS switches to battery mode. The smallest input voltage range is reserved for standby UPSs (see "Type"), the largest for inverter UPSs.
Bypass (direct connection)
Bypass(by-pass) means such a mode of operation of the UPS, in which power is supplied to the load directly from an external source — the mains, diesel generator, etc. — practically without processing in the UPS itself. This mode can be activated either automatically or manually.
— The automatic bypass is a kind of safety measure. It turns on when the UPS in normal mode cannot supply power to the load — for example, when the UPS is overloaded due to a sharp increase in the power consumption of the load.
— Manual bypass allows you to enable this mode at the request of the user, regardless of the operating parameters. This may be necessary, for example, to hot-swap a battery (see below for details) or to start equipment that has a starting capacity greater than that of the UPS. Technically, it can also play the role of a security measure, but automatic systems are more reliable in this sense.
Some UPSs provide both options for enabling the bypass.
Rated output power
The effective output power of the UPS is, in fact, the maximum active power of the load that can be connected to the device.
Active power is consumed directly for the operation of the device; it is expressed in watts. In addition to it, most AC devices also consume reactive power, which is "wasted" (relatively speaking) is spent by coils and capacitors. Apparent power (denoted in volt-amperes) is precisely the sum of active and reactive power; it is this characteristic that should be used in accurate electrical calculations. See "Maximum output power" for details; here we note that when selecting a UPS for a relatively simple application, it is quite possible to use only effective power. This is at least easier than converting the watts claimed in the characteristics of the connected devices into full power volt-amps.
The most modest modern "uninterruptibles" give out
less than 500 watts.
501 – 1000 W can be considered an average value,
1.1 – 2 kW is above average, and in the most powerful models this figure
exceeds 2 kW and can reach very impressive values (up to 1000 kW or more in some industrial class UPS).
Output voltage distortion
This parameter characterizes the degree of difference between the AC voltage at the output of the UPS and the perfect voltage, the graph of which has the shape of a regular sinusoid. The perfect voltage is so named because it is the most uniform and creates the least unnecessary load on the connected devices. Thus, the distortion of the output voltage is one of the most important parameters that determine the quality of the power received by the load. A distortion level of 0% means that the UPS produces a perfect sine wave, up to 5% — slight sine wave distortion, up to 18% — strong distortion, from 18% to 40% — a trapezoidal signal, more than 40% — a square wave.
Output waveform
The form of a graph describing the changes in voltage at the output of the UPS.
—
Pure sinewave. The classic AC voltage graph, this is how it changes in an AC network; The sine wave output means that the UPS has little to no distortion compared to the mains. As a result, such power is suitable for any AC technology, and some devices (for example, audio equipment) generally require an exceptionally pure sine wave. However, this requires rather complex technical solutions, and therefore this waveform can be found in expensive interactive and inverter UPSs.
—
Simulated sine wave (approximated). This signal has a shape close to a sinusoid, but the graph line in this case is not smooth, but consists of separate rectangular “steps”. This waveform is provided by most inexpensive UPSs; such devices are inexpensive and quite suitable for powering computer equipment.
