Comparison NEO 94-003 vs NEO 94-002

The parameters that the device can measure.

— Tension. Voltage (potential difference between two points in a circuit), measured in volts. One of the basic electrical parameters, supported by all types of devices, except for oscilloscopes (see "Device"). Parallel connection is used for measurement. In analogue instruments (see "Type") voltage measurement can be carried out without power.

— Current. The strength of the current flowing through a certain section of the circuit; measured in amperes. There are two ways to measure current strength: traditional and non-contact. The first one is available in almost all devices with the ammeter function, for this it is necessary to open the circuit and connect the device to the gap in series (moreover, with the analogue principle of operation, the ammeter does not require power). The second method is used in current clamps (see "Device"). In most cases, the models are able to measure direct and alternating current.

— Impedance. Impedance of a certain element to direct electric current; measured in ohms. Note that in this case we are talking about traditional measurements that are not associated with ultra-high resistances characteristic of insulation (in insulation, this parameter is checked using a separate method, see more about it below...). Impedance measurements are carried out as follows: a certain voltage (low, within a few volts) is applied to the probes of the device, after which they are applied to the place of measurement — and the impedance of the tested section of the circuit or other object is calculated from the strength of the current flowing through the formed circuit. Thus, to operate in ohmmeter mode, a power source is required — even for an analogue instrument.

— Capacity. The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farads (usually microfarads and other derived units). The measurement itself is carried out by supplying an alternating current to the capacitor. This function can be useful both for clarifying the capacitance of unmarked capacitors (initially unmarked or with erased inscriptions), and for checking the quality of signed parts. On capacitors, in addition to the nominal capacity, the maximum deviation from the nominal value may be indicated; if the measurement results are outside the tolerance limits, then it is better not to use the part. If the deviation is not indicated, then it can be assumed that it should be less than 10% of the nominal value. For example, for a 0.5 uF part, the range of allowable capacitances will be 0.45 – 0.55 uF.

— Temperature. Temperature measurement — usually, using an external remote sensor, usually on a probe. In electrical engineering, this function is used to control the operation of parts that are sensitive to overheating or that must operate in a certain temperature regime.

— Frequency. The ability to measure the frequency of an electrical signal is primarily characteristic of oscilloscopes and scopometers, but it can also be found in other types of devices — the same multimeters (see "Device"). This, usually, implies the ability to display specific numbers corresponding to the frequency in hertz.

— Duty cycle. Duty cycle is one of the basic characteristics of a uniform pulse signal, namely the ratio of its repetition period to the duration of a single pulse. For example, if each 2 ms pulse is followed by a 6 ms pause, then the signal repetition period will be T = 6 + 2 = 8 ms, and the duty cycle will be S = 8/2 = 4. Do not confuse the duty cycle with the duty cycle: although these characteristics describe the same property of the signal, they do it in different ways. The duty cycle is the reciprocal of the duty cycle, the ratio of the pulse length to the repetition period (in our example, it will be equal to 2/8 = 25%). This term is found mainly in English and translated sources, while in east european electrical engineering the term "duty cycle" is adopted.

— Inductance. Inductance is the main operating parameter of any inductor. The ability to measure this parameter is important in light of the fact that specialists and radio amateurs often make coils on their own, and it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine the characteristics of a part without a special device. The principle of measuring inductance is similar to determining the capacitance of a capacitor (see above) — passing an alternating current through the coil and tracking its "response". However, this function is much less common than capacitance measurement.

— Insulation impedance. Insulation impedance of electrical wires to alternating current. Insulation, by definition, has an extremely high impedance, so the traditional way of measuring impedance (at low operating voltage, see above) is not applicable here — the currents would be too weak and it would be impossible to measure them accurately. Therefore, to check insulating materials and other dielectrics, not ohmmeters are used, but special devices — megaohmmeters (or multimeters that support this mode). A distinctive feature of the megohmmeter is a high operating voltage — hundreds or even thousands of volts. For example, to test insulation with an operating voltage of 500 V, the same megger voltage is required, for a 3000 V material, a 1000 V device, etc., the requirements for different types of insulation are described in more detail in special sources. To achieve this voltage, an external high-voltage module may be required, however, many multimeters that support this type of measurement are also capable of independently generating short-term high-voltage pulses from low-voltage power supplies such as AA batteries or PP3 (see "Battery type"). Note that when working with a megohmmeter, you must carefully follow the safety rules — due to the high operating voltage.

— Power. The power of the electric current is determined by two basic parameters — current strength and voltage; roughly speaking, volts must be multiplied by amps, the result obtained will be the power in watts. Thus, theoretically, this parameter can be determined without a special function for measuring power — it is enough to determine the voltage and current strength. However, some measuring instruments have a special mode that allows you to immediately measure both basic parameters and automatically calculate the power based on them — this is more convenient and faster than doing calculations separately. Many of these devices belong to current clamps (see "Device") and the measurement of the current strength when determining the power is carried out in a non-contact way, and the voltage is measured by the classic contact method. There are other design options — for example, an adapter for a socket: an electrical appliance is connected to a socket through such an adapter, and a multimeter takes current and voltage data from the adapter. We also recall that the active (useful) power of the alternating current is not always equal to the full one — with a capacitive and/or inductive load, part of the power (reactive power) is “consumed” by capacitors / coils. You can read more about these parameters in special sources, but here we note that different models of multimeters may have different capabilities for measuring different types of power; These points do not hurt to clarify before buying in advance.

— Phase angle. Measurement of the degree of shift of two electrical signals (or signal parameters) in phase. Specific types and features of such measurements are different, the most popular are two options. The first is to measure the difference between the phases of a three-phase power supply, primarily to assess its overall quality. The second is an assessment of the phase shift between current and voltage that occurs with a reactive (capacitive or inductive) load on an alternating current source; the ratio between active and apparent power (power factor, "cosine phi") directly depends on such a shift.

— Rotation frequency. In this case, most often we are talking about the possibility of measuring the speed of the internal combustion engine. Accordingly, such models usually refer to specialized automotive multimeters. They are designed mainly for diagnostics and testing of engines that do not have electronic ignition systems. To measure, usually, you need to set the multimeter to the number of engine cylinders and connect it to the ignition system (the specific connection method must be specified in the documentation for the car).

Note that this list does not list all, but only the most popular measurements found in modern multimeters and other devices of a similar purpose. In addition to them, the design may provide more specific features — see "Other Dimensions" for more details.

The type of current the device is designed to measure. In this case, not all measurement modes are implied, but only the determination of the current strength, that is, operation in the ammeter mode.

— Constant. A current that has a strictly defined polarity and constantly flows in one direction, from minus to plus. Such a current is found mainly in electronic circuits behind power supplies, in compact electronics powered by batteries, as well as in car on-board networks. However, during electrical work in domestic and industrial AC networks, it is relatively rare to measure the current strength; therefore, among such devices, there are often models that are compatible with "variable" networks in terms of voltage (see below), but not compatible in terms of current. In general, there are fewer DC-only devices on the market than combined ones (see below).

— Variable. A current that changes direction several dozen times per second (for example, in 230 V household networks, the standard frequency is 50 or 60 Hz, depending on the region). Such a current is a standard for domestic and industrial networks: it is convenient in that it does not require polarity when connecting end consumers, and it also provides some features that are not available for direct current (in particular, transformers can only be used with such a power supply). However, relatively few devices are produced strictly for alternating current, combined options are more common (see below).
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— Constant / variable. This category includes models that can measure both direct and alternating current. The features of both options are described above, and their support in one device makes it universal and allows it to be used in any type of networks and circuits — the main thing is that the current limits are observed (see below).

The upper limit of the lower sub-range in which the device can measure DC voltage (see "Type of voltage").

The operating ranges of modern multimeters and other measuring instruments are usually divided into subranges. This is done for accuracy and convenience when measuring: for example, to assess the quality of AA batteries, you can set the subrange “up to 3 V” — this will give an accuracy of up to tenths, or even hundredths of a volt, unattainable when measuring with a higher threshold. The minimum constant voltage describes exactly the lower subrange, designed to measure the smallest voltage values: for example, if 2000 mV is indicated in this paragraph, this means that the lower subrange covers values \u200b\u200bup to 2000 mV (i.e. up to 2 V).

It is worth choosing according to this indicator taking into account the specifics of the planned application: for example, a device with low rates can be useful for delicate work, such as repairing computers or mobile phones, but for servicing the on-board electrical network of a car, especially high voltage sensitivity is not required.

The upper limit of the lower sub-range in which the device can measure AC voltage (see "Type of voltage").

The operating ranges of modern multimeters and other measuring instruments are usually divided into subranges. This is done for accuracy and convenience in measurements: for example, to test a transformer that should output 6 V, it makes sense to set a subrange with an upper threshold of 10 V. This will ensure accuracy up to tenths of a volt, unattainable when measuring with a higher threshold. The minimum constant voltage describes exactly the lower subrange, designed to measure the smallest voltage values: for example, if 2000 mV is indicated in this paragraph, this means that the lower subrange covers values \u200b\u200bup to 2000 mV (i.e. up to 2 V).

If the device is purchased for measurements in stationary networks — household at 230 V or industrial at 400 V — you can ignore this parameter: usually, the minimum subranges are not used. But to work with power supplies, step-down transformers and various “thin” electronics served by low voltage alternating current, it makes sense to choose a model with a lower minimum voltage. This is connected not only with the measurement range: a low threshold, usually, indicates a good measurement accuracy at low voltages in general.

The highest direct current (see “Type of current”) that the device is able to measure without overloads and related troubles (such as “flying” fuses or even failure).

When choosing for this parameter, it is worth remembering that even at relatively low voltages, the currents can be quite high if the power source provides the appropriate power — for example, a 12 V car battery is quite capable of delivering currents of hundreds of amperes. Actually, compatibility with high direct currents is important primarily for automotive devices; however, the matter is not limited to this.

For safe use, it is desirable to have a certain margin for maximum current. Also, do not forget that before measurements you need to set the appropriate settings.

The upper limit of the lower sub-range in which the device can measure resistance.

The operating ranges of modern multimeters and other measuring instruments are usually divided into subranges. This is done for accuracy and convenience in measurements: the lower the subrange, the smaller the values it covers, the higher the accuracy of measurements at low resistance values. The minimum resistance describes exactly the lower range, designed for the weakest current values: for example, if the characteristics in this paragraph indicate 500 Ohms, this means that the lower subrange allows you to measure resistance from 0 to 500 Ohms.

When choosing for this indicator, you need to consider how important it is for you to accurately measure small resistances. At the same time, we note that the 500 Ohms given in the example are a fairly good indicator, indicating a fairly solid resistance measurement accuracy; in relatively inexpensive multimeters, this indicator can be 2.5 or even 10 kΩ, which ensures accuracy at best up to several tens of ohms.

The highest resistance that the instrument can effectively measure.

When choosing according to this indicator, you must first take into account the largest resistances that are supposed to be measured. And if we are talking about an analogue device (see "Type"), you must also remember that as you approach the maximum resistance, the measurement accuracy drops sharply. This is due to the peculiarities of measuring and grading the scale in such devices: for example, with a maximum resistance of 1 MΩ, the division value in the range of 0 – 2 kΩ can be 0.2 kΩ, in the range of 2 – 6 kΩ — 0.5 kΩ, in the range of 6 – 10 kOhm — already 1 kOhm, and closer to the maximum this figure can reach tens and even hundreds of kilo-ohms. Therefore, it is worth choosing an analogue device in such a way that its maximum resistance is at least 10 times higher than the largest resistances that are planned to be measured — only under this condition is a more or less acceptable measurement accuracy ensured.

The highest number that the DMM display can display (see "Type").

This indicator determines the range in which measurements can be taken without changing the settings. So, if the maximum number is 1999, then the measurement can be made in the range from 0 to 1999 of the selected units of measure — for example, from 0 to 1999 V if volts are selected, from 9 to 1999 mA (1.999 A) if milliamps are selected, etc. At the same time, 1999 and less for modern measuring instruments are considered a rather modest indicator, from 2000 to 3999 — average, 4000 – 9999 — not bad, and in the most advanced models this number exceeds 10000.

Note that the maximum displayed number is directly related to the display capacity — see below.

The digit capacity of the display installed in the digital instrument (see "Type").

Bit depth is the number of characters that can be displayed on the screen at the same time. The maximum displayed number directly depends on it (see above): for example, if the digit capacity is 4, then the device has a display for 4 full digits and is able to display a number up to 9999 inclusive. However, there are also more specific markings — with a fraction, for example, 3 1/2 or 4 3/4. This means that the largest (left) digit in this model is incomplete and the maximum digit that it can display is less than 9. Specifically, such marking is deciphered as follows: an integer means the number of full digits, the numerator of a fraction is the maximum number displayed in an incomplete digit, the denominator is the total number of values supported by an incomplete digit. Considering the above examples, 3 1/2 means a four-digit display with the maximum number in 1999: three full digits with a maximum value of 9, plus one partial digit with a maximum value of 1 and two options (1 and 0). Similarly, 4 3/4 corresponds to the maximum number 39999, with 4 options for values in the partial digit (0, 1, 2, 3).