Sensor
Modern security sensors are conditionally divided into three main groups:
Temperature sensors are a special case: they can belong to any of these three groups.
Note that there are many combined models that combine several types of sensors at once. And here is a detailed description of each individual variety:
- Intersection sensor (barrier). Sensors reacting to the crossing of the guarded perimeter. Such a sensor generates a beam (or several beams) in the infrared range, and when such a beam is crossed by a foreign object, the device gives a signal. Most often, the IR barrier consists of a separately made receiver and transmitter, however, there are also one-sided devices in which the emitter itself “monitors” the reflection of the beam from a certain object. Recall that IR rays are invisible to the naked eye; this makes it possible to effectively disguise such a system. And the range of modern IR barriers can reach several hundred meters.
- Motion Sensor. Sensors that respond to moving objects in the field of view. They can use different principles of operation: infrared, microwave, etc. Motion sensors in the original sense of the term are used mainly as security; in such models, the functions of a break, vibration and / or temperature sensor may be additionally provided. However, there is another variety - household models designed for use as lighting sensors (see below). They are designed to switch the 230 V voltage intended for lighting fixtures (rather than the 12/24 V used in alarm systems), and most often use the same voltage for their own power supply; and other types of detection (except for movement) are not provided in such models. As for the types of work, infrared ones are based on the change in the thermal radiation of objects and can give false alarms due to unforeseen heat flows, and also depend on weather conditions. Combined, which, in addition to the infrared sensor, are equipped with a microwave (microwave), reacts not only to thermal changes. Accordingly, they are less prone to false positives, but much more expensive.
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Infrared (PIR) motion sensor.... The principle of the PIR infrared sensor (from the English passive infrared sensor) is based on fixing changes in thermal radiation from surrounding objects. Such sensors accurately register movement, but are not immune from false alarms due to unforeseen heat flows and depend on weather conditions. There are models that combine several PIR sensors, so they can analyze more changes and more accurately register movement.
— Microwave (SHF) motion sensor. These sensors operate in the microwave radio range similar to a radar: the device periodically emits a pulse and, by analyzing the reflected signal, determines the presence of foreign objects in the controlled space. Such devices are somewhat more complicated and more expensive than infrared ones, but their capabilities are noticeably wider. For example, an IR sensor usually has a limited field of view, while a microwave device is able to "see" the entire 360° around. The "radar" coverage area is not limited to line of sight, it can detect foreign objects behind small obstacles - like window glass or partitions between workstations in an office. In addition, the microwave sensor is equally effective over the entire temperature range. Among the disadvantages, in addition to cost, it can be noted that it is undesirable to use them when people are constantly in the area of microwave action. However, most alarms still turn on only when there are no people in the room.
- Combined (PIR + microwave) motion sensor. Such models consist of two types of sensors, infrared (PIR) and microwave (microwave). Combined solutions combine two dissimilar technologies, which minimizes the number of false positives. In addition to thermal analysis, these devices emit electromagnetic waves at a high frequency, typically 5.8 GHz (may differ depending on the manufacturer). These waves are bounced off the surrounding objects, so that the sensor can register even slight changes.
- Break sensor. Security sensors that react to glass breaking. Nowadays, such sensors are most often made contactless and do not require placement on the glass itself, although there are exceptions. And the most popular principle of their work is acoustic: with the help of a microphone, the sensor “listens” to the environment and reacts to the sound of breaking glass (this sound is quite unique, it is easy to separate it from extraneous noise). There are other principles of operation, for example, infrared (reaction to a sharp change in the visible "picture") or vibration (tracking shocks and vibrations using a contact sensor). Some models also have the functionality of a motion sensor, and sometimes a full-fledged vibration sensor.
- Opening sensor. Security sensors that respond to the opening of windows, doors, hatches, etc. As a rule, the sensor itself is placed in a door or window opening, and a special mark is placed on the door / window. When closed, this label is in close proximity to the main device, and when opened, it moves away and the sensor is triggered. Such sensors may also have vibration and/or temperature detection.
- Vibration sensor. Security sensors that respond to various shocks and vibrations. They can be used for different purposes. For example, such a sensor can warn of an attempt to open a door or window, climb over a fence, crack a safe or an entire wall of a building; It can be mounted on a cabinet door or desk drawer as an opening alarm. And some of these devices are so sensitive that they can even be placed near individual valuable items - so that the sensor reacts to any attempt to move such an object from its place. On sale there are both specialized vibration sensors and models with combined functionality that also respond to movement, breaking, opening and / or temperature.
- Smoke detector. Fire-fighting sensors that react to the appearance of smoke in the air. This is one of the simplest and most reliable methods for detecting a fire: smoke during fires is almost guaranteed, and even with a low intensity of the flame, smoke is often quite significant. For additional reliability, such detectors can be combined with gas and/or temperature sensors.
- Gas sensor. Fire detectors that react to the presence of a certain gas in the air. The specific format of operation of such devices may be different. So, some models react to carbon monoxide (CO) - not only is it a product of combustion and a sign of fire, but it is also dangerous in itself, so such a sensor also provides protection against carbon monoxide poisoning. A number of devices are triggered when a significant amount of domestic gas appears in the air (for example, from an open burner or a damaged pipeline), methane, propane-butane, etc. - in such cases, timely notification avoids an explosion. Finally, sensors that are able to detect sleeping gases are marked in a separate line. Note that gas sensors may also have smoke and/or temperature response functions.
— Leak sensor (flooding). Household sensors that react to the appearance of moisture on the floor or other surfaces. Such a sensor is installed right in the place of possible flooding, and a pair (or several pairs) of special contacts are used for detection: even a small amount of water between the terminals closes them and leads to operation. Contacts can be placed both on the sensor body itself and on a remote unit connected to it with a wire. Some of these devices also have a temperature sensor function.
- Temperature sensor. By itself, temperature detection is very versatile, it is used in all major formats of sensors - security, fire, domestic. At the same time, there are very few temperature sensors in their pure form - these are separate fire models that respond to a significant increase in temperature. In the security format, this type of detection is most often combined with motion or opening detection; Specifically, a thermal sensor in security systems can provide, for example, tracking heat from living objects or responding to a change in temperature in a room when a door / window is opened. As for domestic use, here we are talking about monitoring and controlling the microclimate in the room; To this end, sensors of this type are often supplemented with humidity sensors.
- Humidity sensor. Household sensors that monitor indoor air humidity. Humidity is one of the key characteristics of the microclimate, maintaining a certain level is necessary both for the normal well-being of people and for more specific tasks - ensuring optimal conditions in a warehouse, workshop, laboratory, etc. Note that pure humidity sensors are found rare, usually this function is combined with temperature detection.
— Lighting. Sensors designed to automatically turn on and off lighting. Almost all such models are a special kind of motion sensors described above. And the main difference from traditional (security) motion sensors is that this type of sensors is used to switch the voltage of 230 V (and not 12/24 V); the same voltage is often used for its own power supply, although there are also models with batteries / accumulators. In addition, most of these devices have brightness control (see "Functions and Capabilities"). The light sensor can also be used for security purposes - to illuminate a moving object that has entered the protected area. However, most often such sensors provide convenience in purely everyday situations - for example, to turn on the light in a dark entrance when a person enters it.Vertical angle of coverage
Angle covered by the sensor vertically. Along with the horizontal angle of coverage (see above) describes the overall size of the sensor's field of view.
Note that in ceiling-mounted models, viewing angles may be specified in a specific way; see "Horizontal Wrap Angle" for more on this. In other cases, the meaning of this parameter is generally obvious. At the same time, vertical coverage is considered not as important as horizontal coverage. In many models, it is not indicated at all — it is assumed that if the sensor is more or less accurately aimed at the required area within the range, the coverage angle will be sufficient to trigger if necessary.
In IR barriers (see "Intended use"), the meaning of this parameter is somewhat different: it is the angle by which the IR beam can be deflected in the vertical plane to accurately aim at the signal receiver. However, it is relatively easy to install the receiver and emitter at the same height, so these angles are usually small — up to 20 ° (10 ° in both directions), and often even less.
Range
The nominal range of the sensor.
The specific meaning of this parameter depends on the type of device (see "Sensor"); however, in most cases, we are actually talking about the maximum detection range. So, for a motion sensor, the range is the maximum distance at which the sensor is able to detect a moving object; for a non-contact break sensor, this is the maximum distance to the glass at which the device can be installed; for a vibration sensor — the greatest distance to a powerful source of vibrations (for example, a rotary hammer that breaks a protected wall). Only IR barriers are a special case: in them, the range of action corresponds to the greatest distance over which the emitter and the beam receiver (or the emitter and the surface from which the beam is reflected) can be separated.
Anyway, it must be borne in mind that the range is usually indicated for perfect, at best, for some average conditions. So when choosing, it is worth taking a certain margin — this will give an additional guarantee in case of an unfavorable situation (for example, fog that interferes with the operation of the IR sensor). As for specific values, in many sensors (mainly intended for indoors) the operating range
does not exceed 10 m.
11 – 14 m can be called an average value, and in the most "long-range" models this figure reaches
15 m or more.
