DAC
Model of the digital-to-analogue converter installed in the device.
DAC in this case means the “heart” of the device, the main circuit that directly provides the conversion of digital audio to analogue. The name of the DAC model is given mainly for advertising purposes — as an illustration of the fact that high-quality components are used in the device. In addition, knowing the model, you can find detailed information about a particular DAC; although in fact such a need does not arise often, it may still arise in some specific cases.
Sampling frequency
Sample rate of the digital-to-analogue converter used in the device.
DAC in this case means the “heart” of the device, the main circuit that directly provides the conversion of digital audio to analogue. And the sampling rate is initially one of the characteristics of digital sound. In this case, its meaning is as follows: the sampling rate of the DAC must not be lower than the corresponding indicator in the incoming audio signal, otherwise the device will not be able to effectively cope with the conversion.
Frequency range
The audio frequency range supported by the device. Most often, we are talking about the frequency range that the device can output in an analogue audio signal at the output.
In general, the wider the frequency range — the fuller the sound, the lower the likelihood that the transducer will “cut off” the upper or lower frequencies. However, note that the human ear is able to hear sounds at frequencies from 16 to 22,000 Hz, and the upper limit decreases with age. So from a practical point of view, it does not make sense to provide a wider range in audio technology. And the impressive numbers found in high-end devices (for example, 1 – 50,000 Hz) are more of a "side effect" of advanced electronic circuits and are given in the characteristics mainly for the purpose of advertising. Also recall that the overall sound quality is affected by many other factors, in addition to the frequency range.
Dynamic range
The dynamic range of a transducer is defined as the ratio between the maximum signal level it is capable of delivering and the level of its own noise when a low amplitude signal is applied. Quite simply, this parameter can be described as the difference between the quietest and loudest sound that the device can produce.
The wider the dynamic range, the more advanced the DAC is considered, the better sound it can produce, all other things being equal. The minimum value for modern devices is about 90 dB, in top models this figure can reach 140 dB.
Also note that this parameter is similar in its meaning to the signal-to-noise ratio, however, these characteristics are measured in different ways; see below for more on this.
Signal to noise ratio
The signal-to-noise ratio provided by the converter.
This parameter describes the ratio of the volume of the pure sound produced by the device to the volume of its own noise (which is inevitably created by any electronic device). Thus, the higher the signal-to-noise ratio, the clearer the sound, the less the DAC's own noise affects the audio signal. Indicators up to 80 dB can be considered acceptable, up to 100 dB — not bad, 100 – 120 dB — good, more than 120 dB — excellent. However, it is worth remembering that the overall sound quality is affected not only by this parameter, but also by many others.
Note that the signal-to-noise ratio is often associated with such a characteristic as the dynamic range (see above). They are similar in general meaning, both describe the difference between an extraneous background and a useful signal. However, the noise level in the calculations is taken differently: for the signal-to-noise ratio, the background of the converter “at idle” is taken into account, and for the dynamic range, the noise that occurs when a low-level signal is output. This is the reason for the difference in numbers.
Coef. harmonic distortion
The coefficient of harmonic distortion produced by the converter during operation.
The lower this indicator, the clearer the sound produced by the device is, the less distortion is introduced into the audio signal. It is impossible to completely avoid such distortions, but it is possible to reduce them to a level that is not perceived by a person. It is believed that the human ear does not hear harmonics, the level of which is 0.5% and below. However, in high-end audio applications, distortion rates can be much lower — 0.005%, 0.001% or even less. This makes quite a practical sense: the distortions from the individual components of the system are summed up, and the lower the harmonic coefficient of each component, the less distortion there will be in the audible sound as a result.
ADC
Model of the analogue-to-digital converter installed in the device.
Only audio interfaces are equipped with this converter (see "Type"), it provides the conversion of analogue sound into a digital signal — for example, for recording using a computer. The name of the ADC model is given mainly for advertising purposes — as an illustration of the fact that high-quality components are used in the device. In addition, knowing the model, you can find detailed information about a particular ADC; although in fact such a need does not arise often, it may still arise in some specific cases.
Sampling frequency
Sample rate of the analogue-to-digital converter installed in the device.
The principle of converting analogue audio to digital is that the sinusoid of the audio signal is divided into separate "steps", and the data about each "step" is encoded in digital form. This encoding has two parameters: bit depth and sampling rate. For the first, see the relevant paragraph; and the sample rate describes how many digital "steps" the sine wave is divided into. The higher it is, the more “steps” will fall on every second of the sound and the closer to the original will be the analogue sound restored from the digital format.
The minimum indicator necessary for the full reproduction of sound in the entire range of audible frequencies is 44.1 kHz; this matches the sound quality of an AudioCD. And in the most advanced ADCs, the sampling rate can be 192 kHz (DVD-Audio level) and even 384 kHz.
Dynamic range
The dynamic range of the analogue-to-digital converter installed in the device.
In this case, the dynamic range is the ratio between the minimum and maximum input signal level that the device can perceive. The higher this indicator, the more efficiently the ADC works, the more fully it perceives the audio signal supplied to the input. It is desirable that this range is not narrower than the dynamic range of the analogue signal source — otherwise the converter will either work with overload or will muffle quiet fragments in the incoming signal.
