Comparison Cisco C1300-48P-4X vs Cisco C1000-48P-4X-L

— Unmanaged. The simplest kind of switch that does not have, as the name suggests, the ability to manage; and the possibilities of monitoring the state of the device are usually limited to the simplest indicators in the form of light bulbs (power supply, port activity). The advantages of such models are battery life, ease of use and low cost. The main disadvantage of this type is obvious — the impossibility of configuring the operation parameters. Unmanaged switches are well suited for small LANs like a home or small office where little administration tricks are required; but for large organizations they should not be used.

— Customizable. This category includes switches that allow you to change some of the operating parameters. At the same time, the possibilities for such changes are much narrower than in managed models, and the matter is usually limited to disabling individual ports, switching standard speeds for Ethernet connectors (for example, from 100 Mbps to 10 Mbps) and simple monitoring tools like browsing the network statistics. In addition, after reconfiguration, the device, usually, needs to be rebooted — in other words, it is impossible to control the operation of the switch on the fly. However, professional models designed for large networks can also belong to this type.

— Managed 2 levels. The term "managed" means that the switch has the ab...ility to reconfigure "on the fly" — in contrast to the configurable models described above. In addition, the overall functionality of such devices in most cases is noticeably wider. And "layer 2" means that the device supports only the second layer of the OSI network model — the channel, which is responsible for physical addressing. In fact, this means that the switch is able to work with the MAC addresses of connected devices, but IP addressing is beyond its capabilities.

— Managed 3 levels. A kind of managed switches (see above) that supports the third level of the OSI network model. This layer is responsible for logical addressing and route definition, which allows the device to work with IP addresses. Due to this, models of this type are considered the most advanced, they often provide not only the traditional features for "switches", but also individual functions of routers. On the other hand, the abundance of features significantly affects the price. These switches are commonly used in data centers, telecommunications companies, and other professional networking environments; it hardly makes sense to purchase such a device for a home or small office.

The bandwidth of a switch is the maximum amount of traffic that it can handle. Specified in gigabits per second.

This parameter directly depends on the number of network ports in the device (excluding Uplink). Actually, even if the bandwidth is not given in the specifications, it can still be calculated using the following formula: the number of ports multiplied by the bandwidth of an individual port and multiplied by two (since both incoming and outgoing traffic are taken into account). For example, a model with 8 Gigabit Ethernet connectors and 2 SFP ports will have a bandwidth of (8*1 + 2*1)*2 = 20 Gbps.

The choice for this indicator is quite obvious: you need to evaluate the expected traffic volumes in the serviced network segment and make sure that the switch's bandwidth will cover it with a margin of at least 10-15% (this will give an additional guarantee in case of emergency situations). At the same time, if you plan to often work at high, close to maximum, loads, it will not hurt to clarify such a characteristic as the internal bandwidth of the switch. It is usually given in a detailed technical description, and if this value is less than the total throughput, serious problems may arise under significant loads.

The maximum number of MAC addresses that can be stored in the Switch's memory at the same time. Specified in thousands, for example, 8K — 8K.

Recall that the MAC address is the unique address of each individual network device used in physical routing (at layer 2 of the OSI network model). Switches of all types work with such addresses. And it is worth choosing a switch according to the size of the table, taking into account the maximum number of devices that are supposed to be used with it (including based on the possible expansion of the network). If the table is not enough, the switch will overwrite new addresses over the old ones, which can noticeably slow down the work.

— DHCP server. A feature that makes it easy to manage the IP addresses of devices connected to the switch. Without its own IP address, the correct operation of the network device is impossible; and DHCP support allows you to assign these addresses both manually and fully automatically. At the same time, the administrator can set additional parameters for the automatic mode (range of addresses, maximum time for using one address). And even in fully manual mode, work with addresses is performed only by means of the switch itself (whereas without DHCP, these parameters would also have to be specified in the settings of each device on the network).

— Stacking support. The ability to operate the device in stack mode. A stack consists of several switches that are perceived by the network as one “switch”, with one MAC address, one IP address, and with a total number of connectors equal to the total number of ports in all involved devices. This feature is useful if you want to build an extensive network that lacks the capabilities of a single switch, but do not want to complicate the topology.

— Link Aggregation. Switch support for link aggregation technology. This technology allows you to combine several parallel physical communication channels into one logical one, which increases the speed and reliability of the connection. Simply put, a switch with such a fun...ction can be connected to another device (for example, a router) not with one cable, but with two or even more at once. The increase in speed in this case occurs due to the summation of the throughput of all physical channels; however, the total speed may be less than the sum of the speeds — on the other hand, combining several relatively slow connectors is often cheaper than using equipment with a more advanced single interface. And the increase in reliability is carried out, firstly, by distributing the total load over individual physical channels, and secondly, by means of "hot" redundancy: the failure of one port or cable can reduce the speed, but does not lead to a complete disconnection, and when the channel is restored, the channel is switched on automatically.
Note that both the standard LACP protocol and non-standard proprietary technologies can be used for Link Aggregation (the latter is typical, for example, for Cisco switches). In addition, there are quite a few alternative names for this technology — port trunking, link bundling, etc.; sometimes the difference is only in the name, sometimes there are technical nuances. All these details should be clarified separately.

— VLAN. Support of the VLAN function by the switch — virtual local area networks. In this case, the meaning of this function is the ability to create separate logical (virtual) local networks within the physical "local area". Thus, it is possible, for example, to separate departments in a large organization, creating for each of them its own local network. The organization of VLAN allows you to reduce the load on network equipment, as well as increase the degree of data protection.

— Protection against loops. The switch has a loop protection function. The loop in this case can be described as a situation where the same signal is launched in the network in an endless loop. This may be due to incorrect cable connection, the use of redundant links and some other reasons, but anyway, such a phenomenon can “put down” the network, which means it is highly undesirable. Security prevents loops, usually by disabling looped ports.

— Limiting the speed of access. The ability to limit the data exchange rate for individual switch ports. Thus, it is possible to reduce the load on the network and prevent the "clogging" of the channel by individual terminals.

Note that the matter is not limited to this list: other features may be found in modern switches.

Recall that routing is the definition of the best path through which each data packet can be delivered to the recipient. For this, special tables are used, stored in the memory of the control network device with the routing function. According to the method of filling these tables, this procedure is divided into two main varieties — static and dynamic.

Static routing is a method in which all data routes (entries in the routing table) are manually written by the administrator; this applies both to the initial creation of the table and to making changes to it when changes are made to the network configuration. The main advantage of this method is the minimum load on the switch processor, which has a positive effect on the speed and reliability of the network. The main disadvantages of static routing are associated with the need for manual control. So, the larger the network, the more complex and time-consuming it is to manage it; Administrator's inattention can become an additional cause of failures; and diagnosing some problems is noticeably more difficult — for example, if there is a failure at the link layer, the static route remains visible as active, although no data is transmitted.

Static routing is carried out according to the standard scheme, but different protocols are used for dynamic routing. The idea of dynamic is that the route table is constantly edited programmatically, in automatic mode. To do this, network devices (more precisely, routing programs running on them) exchange service information with each other, on the basis of which optimal addresses are written to the table. One of the fundamental concepts of dynamic routing is a metric — a complex indicator that determines the conditional distance to a specific address (in other words, how close this or that route is to the optimal one). Different protocols use different ways to define and share metrics; here are some of the most common options:

— R.I.P. One of the most widely used dynamic routing protocols; was first applied back in 1969 on the ARPANET, which became the forerunner of the modern Internet. Refers to the so-called distance-vector algorithms: the metric in the RIP protocol is indicated by the distance vector between the router and the network node, and each such vector includes information about the direction of data transfer and the number of "hops" (sections between intermediate nodes) to the corresponding network device. When using RIP, metrics are sent over the network every 30 seconds; at the same time, having received from the "neighbor" data about the nodes known to it, the router makes a number of clarifications and add...itions to this data (in particular, information about itself and about directly connected network devices) and transmits further. After receiving up-to-date data throughout the network, the router selects for each individual node the shortest route from several received alternatives and writes it into the routing table.
The advantages of the RIP protocol include ease of implementation and undemanding. On the other hand, it is poorly suited for large networks: the maximum number of hops in RIP is limited to 15, and the complication of the topology leads to a significant increase in service traffic and the load on the computing part of the equipment — as a result, the actual network performance decreases. Thus, more advanced protocols such as (E)IGRP and OSPF (see below) have become more common for professional applications.

— IGRP. A proprietary routing protocol created by Cisco for autonomous systems (in other words, local networks with a single routing policy with the Internet). Also, like RIP (see above), it refers to distance vector protocols, however, it uses a much more complicated procedure for determining the metric: it takes into account not only the number of hops, but also delay, throughput, actual network congestion, etc. In addition, the protocol implements a number of specific mechanisms to improve communication reliability. Due to this, IGRP is well suited even for fairly complex networks with an extensive topology.

— EIGRP. An improved and modernized successor to the IGRP protocol described above, developed by the same Cisco. Created as an alternative to OSPF (see below), it combines the properties of distance vector protocols and standards with link state tracking. One of the main advantages over the original IGRP was the improvement in the algorithm for disseminating data about changes in the topology in the network, due to which the probability of looping (characteristic of all distance vector standards) was reduced to almost zero. And among the differences between this protocol and OSPF, higher performance and a more advanced algorithm for calculating the metrics are claimed with less configuration complexity and resource requirements.

OSPF. An open autonomous system routing protocol created by the IETF (Internet Design Council) and first implemented in 1988. Refers to protocols with link state tracking, uses the so-called Dijkstra algorithm (algorithm for finding the shortest paths) to build routes. The OSPF routing process is as follows. Initially, the router communicates with similar devices, establishing a "neighbor relationship"; neighbors are routers within the same autonomous zone. Then the neighbors exchange metrics among themselves, synchronizing the data, and after such synchronization, all routers receive a complete database of the state of all links in the network (LSDB). Already on the basis of this base, each of these devices builds its own route table using Dijkstra's algorithm. The main advantages of OSPF are high speed (speed of convergence), a high degree of optimization of the use of channels and the ability to work with network masks of variable length (which, in particular, is especially convenient with a limited resource of IP addresses). The disadvantages include the exactingness of the computing resources of routers, a significant increase in load with numerous such devices in the network, and the need to complicate the topology in large networks, dividing such networks into separate zones (area). In addition, OSPF does not have clear criteria for determining the metric: the “cost” of each hop can be calculated according to different parameters, depending on the switch manufacturer and the settings chosen by the administrator. This expands the possibilities for configuring routing and at the same time greatly complicates this procedure.

Modern switches may provide other routing protocols in addition to those described above.

The total output power provided by the switch when powering devices using the PoE standard (see above).

This indicator usually corresponds to the sum of the powers of all outputs — that is, the power of one PoE port, multiplied by their total number. However, the power limits for one output and for the entire switch are somewhat different: if a load with a power equal to the output power of the power supply on this connector can be connected to a single connector, then the total power consumption of all devices connected via PoE should ideally not exceed 75% of the total power supply — this gives an additional guarantee in case of malfunctions. In fact, this means that all PoE outputs cannot be used “to the fullest” at the same time. For example, if there are two such outputs, and one is loaded at 100%, then the second can be loaded with a maximum of 50% — the total power consumption in this case will be the same 75% of the total output. Therefore, a large total power is needed when using the device to the maximum.

The amount of voltage required by the switch for uninterrupted operation. The power supply voltage of network equipment can vary from 5 V to 230 V, which allows you to power compatible devices from either a low-voltage USB socket on your computer or a standard household outlet. Values in the middle assume that the switch is powered by the appropriate power supply.

Power consumed by network equipment during operation. Knowing the indicator of energy consumption, you can, for example, calculate the battery life of equipment from an uninterruptible power supply or choose a suitable “uninterruptible power supply”.